B1.4: julio 2014

miércoles, 30 de julio de 2014

Reported Speech

Reported speech

Backshift of tenses
from	to
Simple Present	Simple Past
Simple Past	Past Perfect
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
will	would
Progressive forms
am/are/is	was/were
was/were	had been
has been
had been

Backshift of tenses
from	to
Peter: "I work in the garden."	Peter said (that) he worked in the garden.
Peter: "I worked in the garden."	Peter said (that) he had worked in the garden.
Peter: "I have worked in the garden."
Peter: "I had worked in the garden."
Peter: "I will work in the garden."	Peter said (that) he would work in the garden.
Peter: "I can work in the garden."	Peter said (that) he could work in the garden.
Peter: "I may work in the garden."	Peter said (that) he might work in the garden.
Peter: "I would work in the garden." (could, might, should, ought to)	Peter said (that) he would work in the garden. (could, might, should, ought to)
Progressive forms
Peter: "I'm working in the garden."	Peter said (that) he was working in the garden.
Peter: "I was working in the garden."	Peter said (that) he had been working in the garden.
Peter: "I have been working in the garden."
Peter: "I had been working in the garden."

If the sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it as well.

Peter: "I worked in the garden yesterday."
Peter said that he had worked in the garden the day before.

Shifting/Conversion of expressions of time

this (evening)	that (evening)
today/this day	that day
these (days)	those (days)
now	then
(a week) ago	(a week) before
last weekend	the weekend before / the previous weekend
here	there
next (week)	the following (week)
tomorrow	the next/following day

practice…
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/grammar-reference/reported-speech-1
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reported-speech-exercises.html
http://a4esl.org/q/h/9901/tm-reported1.html
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/reported.htm
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/490/grammar/reported-speech1.htm
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech

past perfect

Past Perfect

The past perfect simple expresses an action taking place before a certain time in the past.

Form of Past Perfect Simple

	Positive	Negative	Question
no differences	I had spoken.	I had not spoken.	Had I spoken?

For irregular verbs, use the past participle form (see list of irregular verbs, 3rd column). For regular verbs, just add ed.

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ed

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ed	Example
after final e, only add d	love – loved
final consonant after a short, stressed vowel or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled	admit – admitted travel – travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i	hurry – hurried

Use of Past Perfect

action taking place before a certain time in the past
(putting emphasis only on the fact, not the duration)
Example: Before I came here, I had spoken to Jack.

PRACTICE..

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs11.htm
http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/grammar-reference/past-perfect
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/past-perfect-simple-2
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/past-perfect-simple-1
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/pastpf1.htm
http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-past-perfect.php#.U9kVm1bIQWY
https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/preint/grammar/grammar_09_012e?cc=co&selLanguage=en
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/grammar-exercises/past-perfect

martes, 29 de julio de 2014

The second conditional is like the first conditional. We are still thinking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition in the future, and the result of this condition. But there is not a real possibility that this condition will happen. For example, you do not have a lottery ticket. Is it possible to win? No! No lottery ticket, no win! But maybe you will buy a lottery ticket in the future. So you can think about winning in the future, like a dream. It's not very real, but it's still possible.

IF	condition	result
	past simple	WOULD + base verb
If	I won the lottery	I would buy a car.

Notice that we are thinking about a future condition. We use the past simple tense to talk about the future condition. We use WOULD + base verb to talk about the future result. The important thing about the second conditional is that there is an unreal possibility that the condition will happen.

Here are some more examples:

IF	condition	result
	past simple	WOULD + base verb
If	I married Mary	I would be happy.
If	Ram became rich	she would marry him.
If	it snowed next July	would you be surprised?
If	it snowed next July	what would you do?

result	IF	condition
WOULD + base verb		past simple
I would be happy	if	I married Mary.
She would marry Ram	if	he became rich.
Would you be surprised	if	it snowed next July?
What would you do	if	it snowed next July?

Sometimes, we use should, could or might instead of would, for example: If I won a million dollars, I could stop working.

A continuous tense can be used in the if clause…

If I were working now, I’d have more money.

If you were looking for a cheap computer, where would you shop?

If you were walking down the street at night and you saw him, you would be scared!