Past Perfect
The past perfect simple expresses an action taking place before a certain time in the past.
Form of Past Perfect Simple
Positive | Negative | Question | |
---|---|---|---|
no differences | I had spoken. | I had not spoken. | Had I spoken? |
For irregular verbs, use the past participle form (see list of irregular verbs, 3rd column). For regular verbs, just add ed.
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ed
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ed | Example |
---|---|
after final e, only add d | love – loved |
final consonant after a short, stressed vowel or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled | admit – admitted travel – travelled |
final y after a consonant becomes i | hurry – hurried |
Use of Past Perfect
- action taking place before a certain time in the past
(putting emphasis only on the fact, not the duration)Example: Before I came here, I had spoken to Jack.
PRACTICE..
http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs11.htm
http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/grammar-reference/past-perfect
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/past-perfect-simple-2
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/past-perfect-simple-1
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/pastpf1.htm
http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-past-perfect.php#.U9kVm1bIQWY
https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/preint/grammar/grammar_09_012e?cc=co&selLanguage=en
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/grammar-exercises/past-perfect
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